Code Wars

Microsoft's answer to Java, now cross-platform and the language behind Unity, which is why so many games speak it.

A Lisp on the Java virtual machine: data structures that cannot be changed, and code written as the same lists it manipulates.

C with objects, templates and generics layered on over decades. Fast, and large enough that no one knows all of it.

Ruby's syntax with static types and a compiler, so it looks scripted and runs native.

Describes how a page looks. The cascade means several rules can apply at once, and which one wins has its own arithmetic.

Google's language for Flutter, which draws its own widgets so an app looks identical on Android and iPhone.

Functional, and built on the Erlang machine, so it inherits the trick of running thousands of tiny processes that fail without taking the rest down.

A looser, scripted companion to Java. Most people meet it without choosing it, through Gradle build files and Jenkins pipelines.

Purely functional and lazy: nothing is computed until something asks for it, and a function cannot quietly change the world.

Not a programming language and never claimed to be: it marks up structure. Saying so out loud starts the argument this site exists for.

Runs on the Java virtual machine and is the default for Android. Designed so that a variable cannot be null unless you say so.

Compiles to C and reads like Python, aiming for scripting comfort with compiled speed.

Optimized for how it reads rather than how it runs. Rails made it the shortcut for getting a web app in front of people.

Mixes object-oriented and functional styles on the Java virtual machine. Powerful, and famous for code that only its author can read.

Written for smart contracts on Ethereum. Once deployed the code cannot be edited, which makes every bug permanent.

Apple's language for iPhone and Mac apps, built to replace Objective-C while still being able to call it.

Aims at C's job with no hidden control flow and no hidden memory allocation. If something costs you, it is written down.

Built for web pages and still runs a large share of them. You can drop it in the middle of HTML, which is both the point and the complaint.

Built at Google for large teams: few features on purpose, one formatting style, and compiles fast enough to feel scripted.

Tracks who owns each piece of memory at compile time, so whole classes of crashes stop being possible. The compiler argues back.

JavaScript with a type checker bolted on top. The types vanish when it compiles, so nothing survives to runtime to catch you.

Reads almost like English and enforces layout with indentation, so the spacing is not a style choice — it is the syntax.